Kinh Nghiệm Hướng dẫn What is a permanent change in behavior or knowledge that results from experience? Mới Nhất
Lã Hiền Minh đang tìm kiếm từ khóa What is a permanent change in behavior or knowledge that results from experience? được Cập Nhật vào lúc : 2022-11-28 10:28:03 . Với phương châm chia sẻ Bí kíp về trong nội dung bài viết một cách Chi Tiết 2022. Nếu sau khi đọc Post vẫn ko hiểu thì hoàn toàn có thể lại Comments ở cuối bài để Ad lý giải và hướng dẫn lại nha.Learning, like reflexes and instincts, allows an organism to adapt to its environment. But unlike instincts and reflexes, learned behaviors involve change and experience: learning is a relatively permanent change in behavior or knowledge that results from experience. In contrast to the innate behaviors discussed above, learning involves acquiring knowledge and skills through experience.
Nội dung chính Show- ContributorWhat is a change in behavior or knowledge that results from experience?Are changes in behaviour permanent?What is a relatively permanent change in behavior or mental processes caused by experience?
Which of the following is an example of a reflex that occurs some point in the development of a human being?
child riding a biketeen socializinginfant sucking on a nippletoddler walkingLearning is best defined as a relatively permanent change in behavior that ________.
is innateoccurs as a result of experienceis found only in humansoccurs by observing othersTwo forms of associative learning are ________ and ________.
classical conditioning; operant conditioning classical conditioning; Pavlovian conditioningoperant conditioning; observational learningoperant conditioning; learning conditioningIn ________ the stimulus or experience occurs before the behavior and then gets paired with the behavior.
associative learningobservational learningoperant conditioningclassical conditioningCompare and contrast classical and operant conditioning. How are they alike? How do they differ?
What is the difference between a reflex and a learned behavior?
What is your personal definition of learning? How do your ideas about learning compare with the definition of learning presented in this text?
Q8What kinds of things have you learned through the process of classical conditioning? Operant conditioning? Observational learning? How did you learn them?
Both classical and operant conditioning involve learning by association. In classical conditioning, responses are involuntary and automatic; however, responses are voluntary and learned in operant conditioning. In classical conditioning, the sự kiện that drives the behavior (the stimulus) comes before the behavior; in operant conditioning, the sự kiện that drives the behavior (the consequence) comes after the behavior. Also, whereas classical conditioning involves an organism forming an association between an involuntary (reflexive) response and a stimulus, operant conditioning involves an organism forming an association between a voluntary behavior and a consequence.
A reflex is a behavior that humans are born knowing how to do, such as sucking or blushing; these behaviors happen automatically in response to stimuli in the environment. Learned behaviors are things that humans are not born knowing how to do, such as swimming and surfing. Learned behaviors are not automatic; they occur as a result of practice or repeated experience in a situation.
Pavlov (1849–1936), a Russian scientist, performed extensive research on dogs and is best known for his experiments in classical conditioning. As we discussed briefly in the previous section, classical conditioning is a process by which we learn to associate stimuli and, consequently, to anticipate events.
A stimulus that does not initially elicit a response in an organism is a(n) ________.
unconditioned stimulusneutral stimulusconditioned stimulusunconditioned responseIn Watson and Rayner’s experiments, Little Albert was conditioned to fear a white rat, and then he began to be afraid of other furry white objects. This demonstrates ________.
higher order conditioningacquisitionstimulus discriminationstimulus generalizationExtinction occurs when ________.
the conditioned stimulus is presented repeatedly without being paired with an unconditioned stimulusthe unconditioned stimulus is presented repeatedly without being paired with a conditioned stimulusthe neutral stimulus is presented repeatedly without being paired with an unconditioned stimulusthe neutral stimulus is presented repeatedly without being paired with a conditioned stimulusIn Pavlov’s work with dogs, the psychic secretions were ________.
unconditioned responsesconditioned responsesunconditioned stimuliconditioned stimuliIf the sound of your toaster popping up toast causes your mouth to water, what are the UCS, CS, and CR?
Explain how the processes of stimulus generalization and stimulus discrimination are considered opposites.
How does a neutral stimulus become a conditioned stimulus?
Can you think of an example in your life of how classical conditioning has produced a positive emotional response, such as happiness or excitement? How about a negative emotional response, such as fear, anxiety, or anger?
The food being toasted is the UCS; the sound of the toaster popping up is the CS; salivating to the sound of the toaster is the CR.
In stimulus generalization, an organism responds to new stimuli that are similar to the original conditioned stimulus. For example, a dog barks when the doorbell rings. He then barks when the oven timer dings because it sounds very similar to the doorbell. On the other hand, stimulus discrimination occurs when an organism learns a response to a specific stimulus, but does not respond the same way to new stimuli that are similar. In this case, the dog would bark when he hears the doorbell, but he would not bark when he hears the oven timer ding because they sound different; the dog is able to distinguish between the two sounds.
This occurs through the process of acquisition. A human or an animal learns to connect a neutral stimulus and an unconditioned stimulus. During the acquisition phase, the neutral stimulus begins to elicit the conditioned response. The neutral stimulus is becoming the conditioned stimulus. At the end of the acquisition phase, learning has occurred and the neutral stimulus becomes a conditioned stimulus capable of eliciting the conditioned response by itself.
Now we turn to the second type of associative learning, operant conditioning. In operant conditioning, organisms learn to associate a behavior and its consequence (See table below). A pleasant consequence makes that behavior more likely to be repeated in the future.
________ is when you take away a pleasant stimulus to stop a behavior.
positive reinforcementnegative reinforcementpositive punishmentnegative punishmentWhich of the following is not an example of a primary reinforcer?
Rewarding successive approximations toward a target behavior is ________.
shapingextinctionpositive reinforcementnegative reinforcementSlot machines reward gamblers with money according to which reinforcement schedule?
fixed ratiovariable ratiofixed intervalvariable intervalWhat is a Skinner box and what is its purpose?
What is the difference between negative reinforcement and punishment?
What is shaping and how would you use shaping to teach a dog to roll over?
Explain the difference between negative reinforcement and punishment, and provide several examples of each based on your own experiences.
Q9Think of a behavior that you have that you would like to change. How could you use behavior modification, specifically positive reinforcement, to change your behavior? What is your positive reinforcer?
A Skinner box is an operant conditioning chamber used to train animals such as rats and pigeons to perform certain behaviors, like pressing a lever. When the animals perform the desired behavior, they receive a reward: food or water.
In negative reinforcement you are taking away an undesirable stimulus in order to increase the frequency of a certain behavior (e.g., buckling your seat belt stops the annoying beeping sound in your car and increases the likelihood that you will wear your seatbelt). Punishment is designed to reduce a behavior (e.g., you scold your child for running into the street in order to decrease the unsafe behavior.)
Shaping is an operant conditioning method in which you reward closer and closer approximations of the desired behavior. If you want to teach your dog to roll over, you might reward him first when he sits, then when he lies down, and then when he lies down and rolls onto his back. Finally, you would reward him only when he completes the entire sequence: lying down, rolling onto his back, and then continuing to roll over to his other side.
In observational learning, we learn by watching others and then imitating, or modeling, what they do or say. The individuals performing the imitated behavior are called models. Research suggests that this imitative learning involves a specific type of neuron, called a mirror neuron.
The person who performs a behavior that serves as an example is called a ________.
teachermodelinstructorcoachIn Bandura’s Bobo doll study, when the children who watched the aggressive model were placed in a room with the doll and other toys, they ________.
ignored the dollplayed nicely with the dollplayed with tinker toyskicked and threw the dollWhich is the correct order of steps in the modeling process?
attention, retention, reproduction, motivationmotivation, attention, reproduction, retentionattention, motivation, retention, reproductionmotivation, attention, retention, reproductionWho proposed observational learning?
Ivan Pavlov John WatsonAlbert BanduraB. F. SkinnerWhat is the effect of prosocial modeling and antisocial modeling?
Cara is (17) years old. Cara’s mother and father both drink alcohol every night. They tell Cara that drinking is bad and she shouldn’t do it. Cara goes to a party where beer is being served. What do you think Cara will do? Why?
What is something you have learned how to do after watching someone else?
Prosocial modeling can prompt others to engage in helpful and healthy behaviors, while antisocial modeling can prompt others to engage in violent, aggressive, and unhealthy behaviors.
Cara is more likely to drink the party because she has observed her parents drinking regularly. Children tend to follow what a parent does rather than what they say.
Contributor
What is a change in behavior or knowledge that results from experience?
In contrast, learning is a change in behavior or knowledge that results from experience. There are three main types of learning: classical conditioning, operant conditioning, and observational learning.Are changes in behaviour permanent?
A behavioral change can be a temporary or permanent effect that is considered a change in an individual's behavior when compared to previous behavior. It is sometimes considered a mental disorder, yet it is also a strategy used to improve such disorders.What is a relatively permanent change in behavior or mental processes caused by experience?
Learning is demonstrated by a relatively permanent change in behavior that occurs as the result of practice or experience. Tải thêm tài liệu liên quan đến nội dung bài viết What is a permanent change in behavior or knowledge that results from experience? Learning involves experiences